098.˹ѧÊ×Íá»ÅªØ´"¹Ç·Ñȹì" àÅèÁ·Õè 30: ¹Ñ¡ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ÍàÁÃԡѹ »ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¸ØáԨÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò
˹ѧÊ×Íá»ÅªØ´"¹Ç·Ñȹì" àÅèÁ·Õè 30:
¹Ñ¡ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ÍàÁÃԡѹ »ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¸ØáԨÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò
The Peconic Bay Impressionists Put On Quite A Show By Debbie Tuma One of the oldest art colonies in America
á»Å¨Ò¡ : The Enterprising Americans: A Business History of The United States by John Chamerlain Copyright 1974 by Harper & Row Publishers,Inc.
Enterprising Americans: A Business ... ÀÒ¾»ÃСͺ¨Ò¡: ebiz.netopia.com
¼Ùéá»Å: â¡ÇÔ· ǧÈìÊØÃÇѲ¹ì ÊØÀÑ·ÃÒ ¹ÕÅÇѪÃÐ
¨Ñ´¾ÔÁ¾ìâ´Â: Êӹѡ¾ÔÁ¾ìá¾Ãè¾Ô·ÂÒ
©ºÑº¾ÔÁ¾ì à´×͹ÁԶعÒ¹ ¾.È. 2520 ÃÒ¤Ò 30 ºÒ· ¾ÔÁ¾ì·Õè:âç¾ÔÁ¾ìá¾Ãè¾Ô·ÂÒÍÔ¹àµÍÃì๪Ñè¹á¹Å Ë.¨.¡
»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¸ØáԨÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò: ¹Ñ¡ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ÍàÁÃԡѹ â´Â ¨ÍËì¹ áªÁàºÍÃìàŹ â¡ÇÔ· ǧÈìÊØÃÇѲ¹ áÅÐ ÊØÀÑ·ÃÒ ¹ÕÅÇѪÃÐ ¼Ùéá»Å
à»ç¹ºÑ¹·Ö¡ »ÃÐÇѵԷҧ¸ØáԨ¢Í§ÊËÃÑ° µÑé§áµèàÃÔèÁ¡ÒäéÒÊÁѺءàºÔ¡ÁÅÃÑ°¹ÔÇÍԧᏴì ÁÅÃÑ°à´ÅÒáÇÃì áÅÐ Ëغà¢Òà¨ÁÊìÃÔàÇÍÃì ÁÒ¨¹¶Ö§Âؤ¸ØáԨ áÅÐ ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁÍѹÂÔè§ãËèÁբͺࢵ¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§ÍÂÙèã¹âÅ¡àÊÃÕ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹¹Õé
˹ѧÊ×͹Õé ºÃÃÂÒ¶֧¹Ò·ÕÇԡĵ 㹡ÒõѴÊԹ㨢ͧ¤¹ÊÓ¤Ñæ ã¹Ç§¡ÒÃÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ àªè¹ ÍÕäÅÇÔ·¹ÕÂì ¤ÒÃìà¹¡Õ ¿ÍÃì´ à¨.¾Õ. ÁÍÃì᡹ áÅÐ Ãêͤ¡Õéà¿ÅàÅÍÃì ¶Ö§àÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧà¤Ã×èͧ»Ñè¹½éÒ ö¨Ñ¡Ã àËÅç¡¡ÅéÒ ¹éÓÁѹ áÅÐ à¤Ã×èͧ俿éÒ áÅÐ Âѧà»ç¹àÃ×èͧÃÒÇ ¤ÇÒÁ½Ñ¹¢Í§ªÒÇÍàÁÃԡѹ ¢Í§Ë¹ØèÁÍàÁÃԡѹ ¢Í§Ë¹ØèÁÍàÁÃԡѹÂÒ¡¨¹ áµèÁÕ»ÑÒà©ÕºáËÅÁ ¡ÅéÒä´é ¡ÅéÒàÊÕ áÅÐ ÁÕËÑÇÃÔàÃÔèÁ ¡èÍÅèÒ§ÊÃéÒ§µÑÇ¢Öé¹ä»¶Ö§ÂÍ´ à»ç¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Í§¤¹ÃØè¹ËÅѧæ
¨ÍËì¹ áªÁàºÍÃìáŹà»ç¹¹Ñ¡ÇÔ¨ÒÃ³ì ¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì áÅÐ ºÃóҸԡÒà à»ç¹à¨éÒ˹éÒ·Õè»ÃШӢͧ˹ѧÊ×Í "ÇÍÅʵÃÕ· à¨ÍÃì¹ÑÅ" ¨º»ÃÔÒµÃÕ¨Ò¡ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂàÂÅ áÅÐ ä´éà¤ÂÃèÇÁ§Ò¹ ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì áÅÐ ¹ÔµÂÊÒÃÊÓ¤ÑæËÅÒÂáËè§ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ ¿ÍÃì¨Ù¹, ºÒÃìÃ͹Êì ÇÕ¤ÅÕèÂì ¹ÔÇÂÍÃì¤ä·ÁÊì á«·àµÍÃìà´Âì ÃÕÃÑÇ áÅÐ ¹ÔµÂÊÒÃÎÒÃìà¾ÍÃì
... of Philadelphia , for amusements ... ÀÒ¾»ÃСͺ¨Ò¡: gfisher.blogspot.com
¤Ó¹Ó¼Ùéá»Å
»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹Ç§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҢͧ»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´éàÃÔèÁà¹é¹¤ÇÒÁàªÕèÂǪÒ੾ÒÐÊÒ¢ÒÇÔªÒÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ã¹ÃдѺÍØ´ÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ ´Ñ§·Õè»ÃÒ¡¯ÍÂÙèã¹ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅѵèÒ§æ·ÕèÁÕÁÕ¡ÒÃà¹é¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒẺãËéÃͺÃÙéã¹àÃ×èͧµèÒ§æ¢Í§áµèÅлÃÐà·È ÍÒ·Ô ¨Õ¹ÈÖ¡ÉÒ Õè»Øè¹ÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÃÑÊàªÕÂÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÍÔÊÅÒÁÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÏÅÏ áµèà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õèá¹èá»Å¡ã¨·ÕèÇèÒá¼¹¡ÒÃÍàÁÃԡѹÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÅѺÁÔä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨à·èÒ·Õè¤Çà «Ö觹ѺÇèÒà»ç¹·Õè¹èÒàÊÕ´Ò à¾ÃÒÐàÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò¹Ñé¹à»ç¹·Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡·Õà´ÕÂÇ áÅСÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒáµèà¾Õ§¼ÔÇà¼Ô¹ÍÒ¹·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨼Դä´é
»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¤×Í ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Õè¼èÒ¹ÁÒã¹Í´Õµ àÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Õè¼èÒ¹ÁÒã¹Í´Õµ¹Ñé¹ÁÕÁÒ¡ÁÒÂÁËÒÈÒÅËÅÒÂá§èËÅÒÂÁØÁ áµè˹ѧÊ×Í»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìâ´Â·ÑèÇä»ÁÑ¡¨Ðà¹é¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧáµèà¾Õ§´éÒ¹à´ÕÂÇ ¶éÒ¾Ô¨ÒóÒÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹¸ÃÃÁáÅéÇäÁè¹èÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃà¾Õ§¾Í ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹨֧¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìã¹á§èÍ×è¹æ´éÇ ˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õéà»ç¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìã¹á§è¸ØáԨ «Ö觹ѺÇèÒà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¹èÒʹã¨áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÓ¤Ñà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ ¼Ùéá»ÅËÇѧÇèÒ˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õé¨Ðà»ç¹áçºÑ¹´ÒÅã¨ãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ËѹÁÒʹã¨ÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìã¹á§èÍ×è¹æºéÒ§ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡ã¹á§è¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ
¼Ùéá»Åä´éµÃÐ˹ѡÅèǧ˹éÒ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÂÒ¡ÅӺҡ㹡ÒÃá»Å áµèàÁ×èÍŧÁ×Í·Ó¡ÒÃá»Å¨ÃÔ§æáÅéÇ¡çÂÔ觡ѧÇÅã¨ÂÔ觢Öé¹ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õéà»ç¹µÓÃÒàÃÕ¹¢Í§¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒã¹ÃдѺÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂã¹ÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒªÒÇÍàÁÃԡѹ·Ø¡¤¹ÂèÍÁä´éÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔªÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍàÁÃԡѹÁÒµÑé§áµèªÑé¹»ÃжÁáÅÐÁѸÂÁ ´Ñ§àªè¹¹ÔÊÔµ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒä·Â·Ø¡¤¹·ÕèÂèÍÁä´éà¤ÂÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔªÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìä·ÂÁÒËÅÒ¤ÃÑé§ËÅÒÂ˹ã¹ÃдѺ»ÃжÁáÅÐÁѸÂÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¼Ùéáµè§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õé ¤×Í ¹Ò ¨ÍËì¹ áªÁàºÍÃìàŹ ¨Ö§à¢Õ¹˹ѧÊ×ÍÊÓËÃѺ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒªÒÇÍàÁÃԡѹ«Öè§ÁÕ¾×é¹°Ò¹ÇÔªÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍàÁÃԡѹ´Õ¾ÍÊÁ¤Çà áµè¤ÃÑé§àÁ×èÍÁÕ¡ÒÃá»ÅáÅéÇËÒ¡·èÒ¹¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÕèÁÔä´éÁÕ¾×é¹°Ò¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙé·Ò§»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍàÁÃԡѹÁÒ¡è͹¡çÂèÍÁÂÒ¡·Õè¨Ðà¢éÒã¨ä´é 㹡óչÕé¼Ùéá»Å¢Íá¹Ð¹ÓãËé·èÒ¹ÍèÒ¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍàÁÃԡѹ·ÑèÇä» à»ç¹¾×é¹°Ò¹
â¡ÇÔ· ǧÈìÊØÃÇѲ¹ì ÊØÀÑ·ÃÒ ¹ÕÅÇѪÃÐ
ÊÒúÑ
º··Õè 1.ÇÔÊÒˡԨẺàÊÃÕÊÁÑ¡è͹ʧ¤ÃÒÁ»ÃСÒÈÍÔÊÃÀÒ¾
º··Õè 2. º·ºÒ·¢Í§¹Ñ¡¸ØáԨã¹Ê§¤ÃÒÁ»ÃСÒÈÍÔÊÃÀÒ¾
º··Õè 3. ¡ÒÃáÊǧËҷع áÅÐ ÊÔ觻ÃдÔÉ°ìãËÁèæ
º··Õè 4. ¡ÒäÁ¹Ò¤Á¢Í§ÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Òã¹ÊÁÑ¡è͹
º··Õè 5. ªÒÂá´¹ áÅÐ âç§Ò¹ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ
º··Õè 6. ¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔÃش˹éÒ¡è͹ÊÁÑÂʧ¤ÃÒÁ¡ÅÒ§àÁ×ͧ
º··Õè 7. ʧ¤ÃÒÁ¡ÅÒ§àÁ×ͧ áÅÐ ¼Å¢Í§Ê§¤ÃÒÁ¡ÅÒ§àÁ×ͧ
º··Õè 8 ÂؤáË觤ÇÒÁËÃÙËÃÒ¿ØèÁà¿×ÍÂ
º··Õè 9. ÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§¹Ñ¡¡ÒÃà§Ô¹
º··Õè 10. Âؤ¢Í§àÍ´ÔÊѹ
º··Õè 11. ÊÔ¹¤éÒ¨Ò¡´Õ·ÃÍ·ì
º··Õè 12. ࢵªÒÂá´¹ãËÁèÍѹà¡Ô´ÀÒÇÐàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨µ¡µèÓã¹·ÈÇÃÃÉ 1930
º··Õè 13. ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨¢Í§âÅ¡»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹
ÀÒ¾»ÃСͺ¨Ò¡ :www.philadelphia-reflections.com
º··Õè 1. ÇÔÊÒˡԨẺàÊÃÕÊÁÑ¡è͹ʧ¤ÃÒÁ»ÃСÒÈÍÔÊÃÀÒ¾
"à¾éºà¾ÍàÃÅÅì áËè§ ¤Ô·à·ÍÃÕè ÊÃéÒ§ÍҳҨѡøØáԨ¢Öé¹ à·Õ¹䢷Өҡ¹éÓÁѹ»ÅÒÇÒÌ áÅÐ ¡Òâ¹ÊÔ¹¤éÒ˹ÕÀÒÉÕ ÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁÁÑ觤Ñè§ãËéá¡èºÃôÒàÁ×ͧµÒÁªÒ½Ñ觷ÐàÅ ¡ÒÃàÃÔèÁµé¹¢Í§âç§Ò¹¶ÅاàËÅç¡ã¹à¾¹«ÔÅàÇà¹Õ ¤ÃÒÁ ¢éÒÇà¨éÒ áÅÐ ÂÒÊÙº ¹Ó¤ÇÒÁÃèÓÃÇÂáÅФÇÒÁÂØè§ÂÒ¡ÁÒÊÙèÀÒ¤ãµé ¨ÍÃìª ÇͪԧµÑ¹ à»ç¹¹Ñ¡¸ØáԨ·ÕèÁÕÊÒµÒä¡Å¢Í§ÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤ÁÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò"
ÍàÅç¡«ÔÊ à´Í ·çÍ¡à¡ÍÇÔÅÅì ä´éà¹é¹ÇèÒ : "ÈÃÑ·¸Òã¹ÈÒÊ¹Ò ÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾ÅµèÍ¡ÒþѲ¹ÒàÊÃÕÀÒ¾ã¹Ê¶ÒºÑ¹µèÒ§æ¢Í§ªÒÇÍàÁÃԡѹ áÅÐ ÈÃÑ·¸Òã¹ÈÒÊ¹Ò ¡Ñº ¡ÒÃáÊǧËÒ¡ÓäÃÊèǹºØ¤¤Å¹Ñé¹ÊÒÁÒö仴éÇ¡ѹä´é"
à«ÍÃìâ·ÁÑÊ à´Å ¼ÙéÃÑ¡ÉÒ¡ÒõÓá˹觢éÒËÅǧáËè§àÇÍÃì¨Ôà¹Õ ä´é¾ºÇèÒ :"¡¯ÍÑ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡äÁèÊÒÁÒö¨Ð»ÅÙ¡¢éÒÇâ¾´ä´é"
"ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ÊèǹºØ¤¤Å" ¹Ñ鹡ÇèÒ¨Ðà¨ÃÔ¡éÒÇ˹éÒã¹·ÇÕ»ãËÁè¹Õéä´é¡çµéͧ»ÃÐʺÍØ»ÊÃä¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¹Ò¹Ò»ÃСÒà à¾ÃÒЪÒÇÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤Á ¡ç¤×ͪÒÇÂØâû·Õè;¾ÁÒ¹Ñè¹àͧ ¤¹àËÅèÒ¹ÕéÂèÍÁ¤Øé¹à¤Â¡Ñº¢¹º¸ÃÃÁà¹ÕÂÁẺ "ÈÑ¡´Ô¹ÒÊÇÒÁÔÀÑ¡´Ôì" «Öè§ÁÕÃкºÊè§ "ÊèÇÂ" ãËé "¢Ø¹¹Ò§" áÅÐ ¡Ò÷Õè "ÈÒʹÒ" ¤Çº¤ØÁ·Ò§ àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ËÃ×Í ¡ÒáÓ˹´ÃÒ¤ÒÊÔ¹¤éÒµÒÁẺÊÁÑ¡ÅÒ§¢Í§ÂØâû áµèà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÍÒ³Ô¤Á¢Ò´á¤Å¹¡ÓÅѧ¤¹ ´Ñ§¹Ñé§ áç§Ò¹¤¹¨Ö§ÁÕ¤èÒÁÒ¡ ºØ¤¤ÅÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨ÐàÅ×Í¡§Ò¹ä´éËÃ×ÍäÁè¾Í㨨ÐÍÂÙèã¹Êѧ¤Á¡çÍÒ¨à¢éÒ»èÒËÑ¡ÅéÒ§¶Ò§¾§à¾×èÍ·Ó¡ÒÃà¾ÒлÅÙ¡ä´é
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒ¨ÐÂѧäÁèÁÕ "Êѧ¤Á¼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡ÒÃ" ÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õè㹤ÃÔʵȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè 17 áÅÐ 18 ã¹àÁ×ͧ·èÒµèÒ§æ¢Í§ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò áµè¡çä´éàÃÔèÁÁÕ¡Òáè͵ÑÇ¢Öé¹áÅéÇã¹ÊÁѹÑé¹
Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804, by Edward Moran, painted 1897.
´Ã. ÍàÅç¡«Ò¹à´ÍÃì áÎÁÔŵѹ (¤¹ÅФ¹¡ÑºÃÑ°Á¹µÃÕ¤Åѧ¢Í§ÊËÃÑ°ÊÁÑ»ÃиҹҸԺ´ÕÇͪԧµÑ¹áÅÐäÁèä´éà»ç¹ÒµÔ¡Ñ¹) ã¹¢³Ð·Õèà´Ô¹·Ò§ à¾×èÍËÒ "·ÓàÅ" ·Õè¨ÐÊÃéÒ§ "âçàµÕêÂÁ ÊÓËÃѺ¤¹à´Ô¹·Ò§" ã¹»Õ ¤.È.1744 ä´éµÑ駢éÍÊѧࡵà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÁ×ͧ ¿ÔÅÒà´Åà¿ÕÂäÇéËÅÒÂÍÂèÒ§àªè¹
...àÁ×ͧ¿ÔÅÒà´Åà¿Õ¹Ñé¹ ´Ù¤ÅéÒÂæ¡Ñº "àÁ×ͧµÅÒ´¸ÃÃÁ´Òæ" ã¹Íѧ¡ÄÉ ¤×Í ÁÕÍÒ¤ÒÃàµÕéÂæ Ê¡»Ã¡ ¶¹¹äÁèä´é»ÙÍÔ° áµèàÁ×ͧ¿ÔÅÒà´Åà¿Õ¹Õé ÁÕ¡ÃÃÁ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ·Õèà¢éÁá¢ç§ ÁÕªèÒ§½ÕÁ×ÍáÅÐÇÔÈ¡Ãà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ ÀÒÂãµé¡ÒùӢͧ "ÇÔÅàÅÕÂÁ ྐྵ¹ì" ´Ã.áÎÁÔŵѹ ä´é·Ó¹ÒÂäÇéÇèÒ "ÀÒÂã¹äÁè¡Õè»Õ¢éҧ˹éÒ àÁ×ͧ¿ÔÅÒà´Åà¿Õ¨СÅÒÂà»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§ãËè·ÕèÊÓ¤Ñã¹·ÇÕ»ÍàÁÃÔ¡Òà˹×Í à¾ÃÒÐ ªÒÇ¿ÔÅÒà´ÕÂà¿ÕÂä´é»ÃÐÂØ¡µìµÑÇàͧà¢éҡѺ¸ØáԨÍÂèÒ§¨ÃÔ§¨Ñ§á·ºäÁèÁÕàÇÅҡѺ¡Òúѹà·Ô§àÃÔ§ÃÁÂì¹Ñé¹ ¹Ñºà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃ稷Õèá»Å¡à©¾ÒÐÊÓËÃѺªÒÇÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤ÁÍàÁÃԡѹ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ¤×Í ÊÒÁÒ¶·Ó§Ò¹â´ÂÁÕÈÔÅ» áÅÐ ·Ñ¡ÉÐ
âç¾ÂÒºÒÅ Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Skyline with Ben ... ÀÒ¾»ÃСͺ¨Ò¡:www.philadelphiahomesguide.com
µÃ§¢éÒÁ ¹ÔÇÂÍÃì¤ «Öè§äÁèÊÒÁÒö¾Ñ²¹Òä´éà·èÒ·Õè¤Çà à¾ÃÒÐÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§ "ªÒǴѪ" ã¹Ëغà¢ÒÎÑ´Êѹ ÂѧÁÕÍÂÙè·ÑèÇä» ¾Ç¡ "Ê¡ØÅáùÊàÅÕÂÃì" Âѧ¤§¤Ãͺ¤Ãͧ¤ÄËÒʹ캹à¹×éÍ·Õè ¡ÇéÒ§ÂÒǶ֧ 24 äÁÅìáÅÐ 48 äÁÅìµÒÁÅӴѺ »ÃЪҪ¹ÊèǹãËèÁÕ ÍÒªÕ¾àÅÕé§ÊѵÇì áÅÐ à»ç¹ªÒÇ¹Ò ¾×ª¾Ñ¹¸Øì·Õè»ÅÙ¡¡ç¤ÅéÒ¡Ѻ áÁÊ«ÒªÙà«·Êì ÁÕ¡ÒÃÊè§ÁéÒ仢Ò·ÕèËÁÙèà¡ÒÐÍÔ¹à´ÕµÐÇѹµ¡
New York State Division of Military ... ÀÒ¾»ÃСͺ¨Ò¡: //www.dmna.state.ny.us
â·ÁÑÊ áι¤éÍ¡ àÃÔèÁµé¹´éÇ¡Òý֡§Ò¹·Ó»¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í ÀÒÂã¹ 7 »Õ ¡çÊÒÁÒöà¡çºà§Ô¹ä´é¶Ö§ 100 »Í¹´ì à¢Òä´éà»Ô´¸ØáԨ¢Í§à¢ÒàÍ§ã¹»Õ ¤.È. 1728 à¢ÒÊÒÁÒ¶·ÓÊÑÒ¢ÒÂ˹ѧÊ×Íä´é¶Ö§ 3,000 àÅèÁ µèÍÁÒà¢Ò¡çàÅÔ¡¢ÒÂ˹ѧÊ×Í áÅÐ àÃÔèÁËѹ¡ÅѺÁÒ ¢Ò "ªÒ àÊ×éͼéÒ ÁÕ´ áÅÐ ¡ÃÃä¡Ã"
â·ÁÑÊ áι¤éÍ¡ àÊÕè§㹡ÒäéÒ¢Ò·ӡÒÃáÅ¡à»ÅÕè¹ ªÒ ÁÕ´ áÅÐ ¡ÃÃä¡Ã â´Â¡ÒÃÊè§ÊÔ¹¤éÒÍÍ¡ «Öè§ä´éá¡è »ÅҤʹ ¹éÓÁѹ»ÅÒÇÒÌ ¡Ãдٴ»ÅÒÇÒÌ äÁé«Ø§ áÅÐ ã¹¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¡çä´é·Ó¡ÒäéÒ¢Ò¡Ѻ¾Ç¡ªÒǹҫÖ觷ӶéÇ ¶Ö§ áÅÐ ´éÒÁ¢ÇÒ¹Êè§ã¹ÂÒÁÇèÒ§
ÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷Õè â·ÁÑÊ áι¤éÍ¡ ä´é "»ÅҤʹ" ÁÒ¡çÍÍ¡¨Ð¾ÔÊ´ÒþÍÊÁ¤Çà ¤×Í ºÒ§·Õà¢Ò¡ç "áÅ¡" ¤ÑÁÀÕÃìäºàºÔšѺËÁ٢ͧªÒÇ¹Ò áÅéÇÊè§ à¹×éÍËÁÙä»Âѧ¹ÔÇ¿ÒÇ´ìᏴìà¾×èÍáÅ¡¡Ñº»ÅÒ áÅéÇÊ觻ÅÒä»Íѧ¡ÄÉà¾×èÍáÅ¡¡ÑºÁÕ´áÅÐà¤Ã×èͧàËÅ硵èÒ§æ ¸ØáԨẺ¹Õé·ÓãËé â·ÁÑÊ áι¤éÍ¡ ÃèÓÃÇ¢Öé¹ µèÍÁÒà¢Ò¡ç·Ó¡ÒÃÊè§àÃ×Í仫×éÍÊÔ¹¤éÒµéͧËéÒÁ¨Ò¡ÊØÃÔ¹ÑÁ(´Ñ·ª ¡ÔÍÒ¹Ò) ¡ÅѺÁÒÂѧºÍʵѹ â´Â¡ÒÃËźàÅÕè§ÀÒÉÕ â·ÁÑÊ áι¤éÍ¡ ä´é¡ÓªÑº¡Ñ»µÑ¹àÃ×ͧ͢à¢ÒÇèÒ ¨ÐÃÐÁÑ´ÃÐÇѧÍÂèÒÊè§ ËÃ×Í ÃѺÊÑÒ³¨Ò¡àÃ×ÍÅÓÍ×è¹ áÅÐ ËéÒÁäÁèãËéÅÙ¡àÃ×Íà¢Õ¹¨´ËÁÒ¶֧ÀÃÃÂÒàÅÂàÁ×èͶ֧»ÃÐÀÒ¤ÒâͧºÍʵѹ
ູ¨ÒÁÔ¹ á¿Å§¤ÅÔ¹ ¡çä´éà»ç¹à¨éҢͧâç¾ÔÁ¾ìáËè§Ë¹Öè§ áÅÐ ä´é¾ÔÁ¾ì˹ѧÊ×Í·Õèà¢Òáµè§àͧ ª×èÍ Poor Richard'd Almnac à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õèá¹Ð¹Ó ¤ÇÒÁÕÇԹѠ¤ÇÒÁѸÂÑʶì áÅÐ ¤ÇÒÁ¢Âѹ¢Ñ¹á¢ç§
˹ѧÊ×Í àÃ×èͧ ¹Ñ¡ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ÍàÁÃԡѹ »ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¸ØáԨÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò ¨Ö§à»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õè¹èÒÍèÒ¹ÁÒ¡æ áÅÐ ÊÒÁÒöà»ç¹ "áçºÑ¹´ÒÅã¨" ãËé¡Ñº¼Ùé·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁã½è½Ñ¹¨Ðà»ç¹¼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡Òà ËÃ×Í ¹Ñ¡ÇÔÊÒË¡Ô¨ áÅÐ àËÁÒÐÊÓËÃѺ¤Ø³¤ÃÙºÒÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì·ÕèÊ͹ÇÔªÒ¡ÒúÃÔËÒøØáԨ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ㹡ÒùÓä»ãªéàÅèÒàÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧ¼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡ÒÃàËÅèÒ¹Õé àËÁ×͹¡Ñº·Õèã¤ÃÊÑ¡¤¹Ë¹Öè§à¤Âà¢Õ¹ ËÃ×Í ¾Ù´ ËÃ×Í ¡ÅèÒÇäÇéÇèÒ
"¼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡Òà ¤×Í áËÅ觾Åѧ§Ò¹¢Í§Ãкº·Ø¹¹ÔÂÁ áÅÐ µÅÒ´àÊÃÕ"
ã¤Ã¤¹¹Ñ鹡ç¤×Í ©Ñ¹àͧ.
Create Date : 02 ¡Ã¡®Ò¤Á 2551 |
|
0 comments |
Last Update : 4 ¸Ñ¹ÇÒ¤Á 2556 12:44:41 ¹. |
Counter : 2481 Pageviews. |
|
|
|