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¡ÒÅàÇÅÒ·Õè¼èÒ¹ä»ÂèÍÁ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´Í´Õµ àÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧà¼èҾѹ¸ØìÁ¹ØÉÂì¡ÃзÓä´é¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì ˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õéä´éºÍ¡àÅèÒâ´Â¾ÂÒÂÒÁ͸ԺÒÂÇèÒà¾ÃÒÐÍÐäÃÁ¹ØÉÂì¨Ö§à»ç¹àªè¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹¹Õé «Öè§à˵ػѨ¨ÑµèÒ§æàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹áÁéÍÒµà»ç¹à¾Õ§Êèǹ˹Öè§ áµè¡ç¤ÇùÓÁÒ¾Ô¨ÒóÒÈÖ¡ÉÒ à¾×èÍ·Õè¨Ðä´éà¢éÒ㨤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÁÒãËéÅÖ¡«Öé§ áÅÐÊÒÁÒö»®ÔºÑµÔµ¹ã¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ä´éÍÂèÒ§àËÁÒÐÊÁµè͹Ҥµ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂªÒµÔ á¡éä¢ Ë¹éÒ 28 ÇÑÂÃØè¹à¨éÒÍÒÃÁ³ì·Õè¶Ù¡à¾×è͹æáËÂèãËéâ¡Ã¸ à´ç¡à¡çºµÑÇ·ÕèäÁèÍÂÒ¡ÂØè§à¡ÕèÂǡѺã¤Ã temperamental youths chafing against the dictates of society and weary elders who just wanted to be left in peace ÇÑÂÃØè¹à¨éÒÍÒÃÁ³ì·ÕèÃÙéÊÖ¡¢º¶µèÍ¡®à¡³±ìÊѧ¤Á ¼ÙéÊÙ§ÇÑÂÍè͹ÅéÒ·Õèµéͧà¾Õ§á¤è¾Ñ¡ÍÂèҧʧº ˹éÒ 34 âÅ¡àÁ×èÍáʹ»Õ¡è͹ÁÕÁ¹ØÉÂìÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂˡʻժÕÊì·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹·èͧâÅ¡ÍÂÙè ¨Ö§¶Ö§à»ç¹àÃ×èͧá»Å¡·ÕèÁÕáµèʻժÕÊìàÃÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ã¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ äÁèä´éÁÕÁÒ¡ÁÒÂËÅÒ»ժÕÊì´Ñè§ã¹Í´Õµ áÅÐã¹äÁèªéÒàÃÒ¨Ðä´é·ÃÒºà˵ؼÅÇèҾǡàÃÒàËÅèÒà«à»Õ¹Êì¹ÕèáËÅзÕè¤Çö١¡ÅèÒÇâ·ÉÇèÒ ÁÕà˵ؼźҧÍÂèÒ§«Öè§Ë¹Ñ¡á¹è¹¾Í·Õè¨Ðá¡Å駷ÓÅ×ÁÒµÔæ¢Í§àÃÒàËÅèÒ¹Õé The earth of a hundred millennia ago was walked by at least six different species of man. It’s our current exclusivity, not that multi-species past, that is peculiar – and perhaps incriminating. As we will shortly see, we Sapiens have good reasons to repress the memory of our siblings. âÅ¡àÁ×èÍáʹ»Õ¡è͹ÁÕÁ¹ØÉÂìÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂˡʻժÕÊì·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹·èͧâÅ¡ÍÂÙè 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹·ÕèÁÕà¾Õ§ʻժÕÊìàÃÒ äÁèä´éÁÕËÅÒÂʻժÕÊì´Ñè§ã¹Í´Õµ ¶×Íà»ç¹àÃ×èͧá»Å¡áÅкҧ·Õ¤Çö١¡ÅèÒÇâ·É ã¹äÁèªéÒàÃÒ¨Ðä´é·ÃÒºÇèҾǡàÃÒàËÅèÒà«à»Õ¹ÁÕà˵ؼŷÕè´Õ·ÕèËŧÅ×ÁÒµÔæ¢Í§àÃÒàËÅèÒ¹Õé ˹éÒ 41 àÁ×èÍâÎâÁà«à»Õ¹Êìà¢éÒ仵Ñ駶Ôè¹°Ò¹ã¹á¶ºÍÒÃàºÕ When Homo sapiens landed in Arabia, ÍÒÃÐàºÕ ˹éÒ 43 µÑÇàÅ¢ÃкػշÕèâÎâÁà«à»Õ¹Êìà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»¶Ö§ BP= »Õ¡è͹ Numbers indicate date of arrival of Homo Sapiens in years before present. µÑÇàÅ¢ÃкتèǧàÇÅÒ ·ÕèâÎâÁà«à»Õ¹Êìà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»¶Ö§à»ç¹»Õ¡è͹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ ˹éÒ 44 ¼Å»ÃÒ¡®ÇèÒÃéÍÂÅÐ1-4 ¢Í§»ÃЪҡÃÁ¹ØÉÂìÂؤãËÁèã¹µÐÇѹÍÍ¡¡ÅÒ§áÅÐÂØâûµÃ§¡Ñº´ÕàÍç¹àͧ͢¹Õá͹à´Í¸ÑÅÊì áÁéà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹äÁèÁÒ¡áµèÁÕ¹ÑÂÐÊÓ¤Ñ It turned out that 1–4 per cent of the unique human DNA of modern populations in the Middle East and Europe is Neanderthal DNA. ¼Å»ÃÒ¡®ÇèÒÃéÍÂÅÐ1-4 ¢Í§´ÕàÍç¹àͧ͢»ÃЪҡÃÁ¹ØÉÂìÂؤãËÁèã¹µÐÇѹÍÍ¡¡ÅÒ§áÅÐÂØâûµÃ§¡Ñº´ÕàÍç¹àͧ͢¹Õá͹à´Í¸ÑÅÊì ˹éÒ 64 ¨¹¡ÃзÑ觷ءÇѹ¹Õé ¡ÒÃÍÂÙèÃÍ´¢Í§áÁè¹éÓ µé¹äÁé áÅÐÊԧⵢÖé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÒ³Õ ¢Í§ÊÔ觷Õè¨Ô¹µ¹Ò¡ÒâÖé¹ÍÂèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÊËÃÑ°ÍÁÃÔ¡ÒáÅСÙà¡ÔÅ so that today the very survival of rivers, trees and lions depends on the grace of imagined entities such as gods, nations and corporations. ¨¹¡ÃзÑ觷ءÇѹ¹Õé ¡ÒÃÍÂÙèÃÍ´¢Í§áÁè¹éÓ µé¹äÁé áÅÐÊԧⵢÖé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÒ³Õ ¢Í§ÊÔ觷Õè¨Ô¹µ¹Ò¡ÒâÖé¹ÍÂèÒ§ ¾ÃÐà¨éÒ »ÃÐà·ÈáÅкÃÃÉÑ· ˹éÒ 96 áÅзÕè¢éÍÁ×Í¡çÊÇÁ¡ÓäŧҪéÒ§áÁÁÁ͸ 25 àÁç´ and on his wrists twenty-five ivory bracelets. 25 ǧ ˹éÒ 108 ¡Ã³ÕµèÒ§æàËÅèÒ¹Õé à«à»Õ¹ÊìÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´ÍÂèÒ§äÁèÍÒ¨âµéáÂé§ä´é àªè¹ÊѵÇìÂÑ¡Éì¢Í§¹ÔÇ«ÕáŹ´ì «Öè§ÃÍ´ªÕÇÔµÁÒä´é¨¹¡ÃзÑè§àÁ×èÍ 45000 »Õ·ÕèáÅéÇ áÅÐÁÕ ‘¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÀÙÁÔÍÒ¡ÒÈ’ à»ç¹¼ÙéµéͧËҢͧ¡ÒÃÊپѹ¸Øì ¡çµéͧ·¹·Ø¡¢ì¨Ò¡ÒáÇÒ´ÅéÒ§¤ÃÑé§ãËè ·Ñ¹·Õ·ÕèÁ¹ØÉÂ줹ááÂèÒ§à·éÒŧº¹à¡ÒÐ In these cases Sapiens guilt is irrefutable. For example, the megafauna of New Zealand – which had weathered the alleged ‘climate change’ of c.45,000 years ago without a scratch – suffered devastating blows immediately after the first humans set foot on the islands. ¡Ã³ÕµèÒ§æàËÅèÒ¹Õé à«à»Õ¹ÊìÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´ÍÂèÒ§äÁèÍÒ¨âµéáÂé§ä´é àªè¹ÊѵÇìÂÑ¡Éì¢Í§¹ÔÇ«ÕáŹ´ì «Öè§à¼ªÔ‘¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÀÙÁÔÍÒ¡ÒÈ’ àÁ×èÍ 45000 »Õ·ÕèáÅéÇÃÍ´ªÕÇÔµÁÒä´é ¡çµéͧ·¹·Ø¡¢ì¨Ò¡ÒáÇÒ´ÅéÒ§¤ÃÑé§ãËè ·Ñ¹·Õ·ÕèÁ¹ØÉÂ줹ááÂèÒ§à·éÒŧº¹à¡ÒР˹éÒ 174 ÅÙ¡ÊѵÇì·Ø¡ª¹Ô´µèÒ§¡çÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒöàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺäÃéÃÐàºÕº½Ñ§µÔ´ÍÂØèã¹ÂÕ¹ puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play hard-wired into their genes. ÅÙ¡ÊعѢ·Ñé§âÅ¡ÁÕ¡®¡ÒÃàÅè¹µèÍÊÙéẺäÁèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃعáçàËÁ×͹ÊÙé¨ÃÔ§½Ñ§µÔ´ÍÂÙèã¹ÂÕ¹ ˹éÒ 175 ´ÕàÍç¹àͧ͢ÁѹÁÕâ»Ãá¡ÃÁÊÓËÃѺ¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·Õè¨Óà»ç¹·Ñé§ÊͧẺ ¤×ͨÃÃÂÒẺÃҪǧÈì áÅФÇÒÁ¢Âѹ¢Ñ¹á¢ç§áºº¡ÃÃÁÁÒªÕ¾ DNA programmes the necessary behaviours for whatever role it will fulfil in life. ˹éÒ 207 ´éҹ˹Ö觨ÒÃÖ¡¤Ó¶ÒÁäÇéÇèÒ ‘ÅÙ¡¢Í§·èÒ¹¾ÙèÎÑǨÐÁÕ⪤´Õ⪤ÃéÒ»ÃСÒÃã´?’ ¤Ó·Ó¹Ò·Õè¨ÒÃÖ¡äÇé¡ç¤×Í ‘ËÒ¡à´ç¡¹éÍÂà¡Ô´ã¹Çѹ µÔ§ (Ding day) ¨Ð⪤´Õ ËÒ¡à¡Ô´ã¹Çѹà¡Ôè§ (Geng day) ¡ç¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔÃØè§àÃ×ͧ㹪ÕÇÔµÂÔ角 ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ 㹵͹¨º¢Í§ã¨¤ÇÒÁÁÕ¢éÍÊѧࡵتǹãËéàÈÃéÒ㨻ÃÒ¡®ÍÂÙè ‘ÊÒÁÊÑ»´ÒËì¡ÑºÍա˹Öè§ÇѹãËéËÅѧ ã¹Çѹà¨ÕÂËÂÔ¹ (Jiayin day) à´ç¡·Õè¶×Í¡Óà¹Ô´¨Ñ´ÇèÒ⪤äÁè´ÕËÒ¡à»ç¹ËÔ§’ On one was engraved the question: ‘Will Lady Hao’s childbearing be lucky?’ To which was written the reply: ‘If the child is born on a ding day, lucky; if on a geng day, vastly auspicious.’ However, Lady Hao was to give birth on a jiayin day. The text ends with the morose observation: ‘Three weeks and one day later, on jiayin day, the child was born. Not lucky. It was a girl.’ ´éҹ˹Ö觨ÒÃÖ¡¤Ó¶ÒÁäÇéÇèÒ ‘¡ÒõÑ駤ÃÃÀì¢Í§¢Í§ÎÙËÂÔ¹ÎèÒǨÐÁÕ⪤´Õ⪤ÃéÒ»ÃСÒÃã´?’ ¤Ó·Ó¹Ò·Õè¨ÒÃÖ¡äÇé¡ç¤×Í ‘ËÒ¡à´ç¡¹éÍÂà¡Ô´ã¹Çѹ µÔ§ (Ding day) ¨Ð⪤´Õ ËÒ¡à¡Ô´ã¹Çѹà¡Ôè§ (Geng day) ¡ç¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔÃØè§àÃ×ͧ㹪ÕÇÔµÂÔ角 ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁÎÙËÂÔ¹ÎèÒǤÅÍ´ºØµÃã¹Çѹà¨ÕÂËÂÔ¹ (Jiayin day) ¢éͤÇÒÁ¨º´éÇ¢éÍÊѧࡵتǹàÈÃéÒ㨠“ÊÒÁÊÑ»´ÒËì¡ÑºÍա˹Öè§ÇѹãËéËÅѧ ã¹Çѹà¨ÕÂËÂÔ¹ ⪤äÁè´Õ à´ç¡¤ÅÍ´à»ç¹à¾ÈËÔ§’ ˹éÒ 219 ¼Ù餹㹪èǧÍÒÂØ60»ÕÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕáçÍÍ¡¡ÓÅѧ¡ÒÂä´éà˹×Í¡ÇèÒ¤¹ã¹ªèǧÍÒÂØ20»Õ áÁéÇèҾǡÍÒÂØ20»Õ¨Ðá¢ç§áç¡ÇèÒÁÒ¡¡çµÒÁ â´Â·ÑèÇä»à¨éҢͧäÃè¹Òã¹ÍÅÒºÒÁÒ㹪èǧ¡ÅÒ§¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè19 ÊÒÁÒö»ÅéÓ¡´·ÒÊ·ÕèÁÕ˹éÒ·Õèà¡çº½éÒÂã¹äÃèŧ¡Ñº¾×é¹´Ô¹ä´é¹Ò¹ËÅÒÂÇÔ¹Ò·Õ People in their sixties usually exercise power over people in their twenties, even though twentysomethings are much stronger than their elders. The typical plantation owner in Alabama in the mid-nineteenth century could have been wrestled to the ground in seconds by any of the slaves cultivating his cotton fields. ¼Ù餹㹪èǧÍÒÂØ60»ÕÁÑ¡¨ÐãªéÍÓ¹Ò¨à˹×Í¡ÇèÒ¤¹ã¹ªèǧÍÒÂØ20»Õ áÁéÇèҾǡÍÒÂØ20»Õ¨Ðá¢ç§áç¡ÇèÒÁÒ¡¡çµÒÁ 㹪èǧ¡ÅÒ§¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè19 ·ÒÊÁÕ˹éÒ·Õèà¡çº½éÒÂã¹äÃ褹¤¹ã´¡çµÒÁ ÅéǹÁÕàÃÕèÂÇáçÊÒÁÒö¡´»ÅéÓà¨éҢͧäÃèã¹ÍÅÒºÒÁÒâ´Â·ÑèÇä»Å§¡Ñº¾×é¹´Ô¹ä´éã¹äÁè¡ÕèÇÔ¹Ò·Õ Ë¹éÒ 221 ¤ÅéÒ¡Ѻ·Õè¼ÔÇáç§Ò¹´Ó·Ø¡¤¹ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÕ¤¹¢ÒǤͨѴ¡ÒôÙáÅ à˵Øã´Êѧ¤Á·ËÒ÷ÕèÁÕáµè¼ØéªÒ¨֧äÁèÍÒ¨¤Çº¤ØÁÊÑ觡ÒÃâ´ÂÃÑ°ºÒÅËÔ§ÅéǹËÃ×ÍÍÂèÒ§¹éÍ¡çÁÕ¼ÙéËÔ§ºÒ§Êèǹ㹤³ÐÃÑ°ºÒÅ? Just as an all-black workforce might be controlled by an all-white management, why couldn’t an all-male soldiery be controlled by an all-female or at least partly female government? à©¡àªè¹áç§Ò¹¼ÔÇ´ÓÅéǹÍÒ¨¶Ù¡¤Çº¤ØÁâ´Â¡ÒèѴ¡Òâͧ¤¹¢ÒÇÅéǹ áÅéÇà˵Øã´Êѧ¤Á·ËÒ÷ÕèÁÕáµè¼ØéªÒ¨֧äÁèÍÒ¨¤Çº¤ØÁÊÑ觡ÒÃâ´ÂÃÑ°ºÒÅËÔ§ÅéǹËÃ×ÍÍÂèÒ§¹éÍ¡çÁÕ¼ÙéËÔ§ºÒ§Êèǹ㹤³ÐÃÑ°ºÒÅ? ˹éÒ 222 à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì¢Í§¤¹½ÃÑè§àÈÊ·ÕèÁÕªÒµÔµÃСÙÅ´Õ·ÕèÁÕµÓá˹觾ǡ¹Õéà»ç¹ÍѹµÑ´·Ôé§ä´é The percentage of well-born Frenchmen within the ranks was negligible. à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì¢Í§¤¹½ÃÑè§àÈÊ·ÕèÁÕªÒµÔµÃСÙÅ´Õ·ÕèÁÕ㹡ÅØèÁ¾Å·ËÒþǡ¹Õéà»ç¹ÍѹµÑ´·Ôé§ä´é ˹éÒ 301 áµè¶Ö§ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñ鹾ǡà¢Ò¡çÂѧ¤§àËç¹ÇèÒ¾ÃÐͧ¤ìÂѧʹ¾ÃзÑÂËèǧãÂáÅзǧ¤µÔºÒ§ÍÂèҧ仾ÃéÍÁæ¡Ñ¹ Yet at the same time they continued to view Him as possessing interests and biases, áµè¶Ö§ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñ鹾ǡà¢Ò¡çÂѧ¤§àËç¹ÇèÒ¾ÃÐͧ¤ìÂѧàÍ×éÍ»ÃÐ⪹ìáÅÐͤµÔ仾ÃéÍÁæ¡Ñ¹ ˹éÒ 368 ¤ÇÒÁÂÒ¡¨¹¶Ù¡ÁͧÇèÒÁÒ¡¢Öé¹àÃ×èÍÂæÇèÒà»ç¹»ÑËÒàªÔ§à·¤¹Ô¤·ÕèÊÒÁÒöà¢éÒä»á·Ã¡á«§ä´é Poverty is increasingly seen as a technical problem amenable to intervention. ¤ÇÒÁÂÒ¡¨¹¶Ù¡ÁͧÇèÒà»ç¹»ÑËÒàªÔ§à·¤¹Ô¤·ÕèÊÒÁÒöà¢éÒä»á·Ã¡á«§ä´éà¾ÔèÁÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ Ë¹éÒ 381 ªèǧàÇÅÒ·Õè¡ÒÃà¤Å×è͹·Õè¼èÒ¹¡ÅÒ§´Ñ§¡ÅèÒǨÐᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹àÅ硹éÍ ¨Ò¡¨Ø´·ÕèÍÂÙèËèÒ§¡Ñ¹º¹¼ÔÇâÅ¡ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÁØÁ·Õèãªé¡ÒÃÊѧࡵ¡ÒÃà¤Å×è͹¼èÒ¹¡ÅÒ§àÅ硹éÍ The duration of the transit differs when seen from distant points on the earths surface because of the tiny difference in the angle at which the observer sees it. ªèǧàÇÅÒ·Õè¡ÒÃà¤Å×è͹·Õè¼èÒ¹¡ÅÒ§´Ñ§¡ÅèÒǨÐᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹àÁ×èÍÁͧ¨Ò¡¨Ø´·ÕèÍÂÙèËèÒ§¡Ñ¹º¹¼ÔÇâÅ¡ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÁØÁ·Õè¼ØéÊѧࡵÁͧÁѹµèÒ§¡Ñ¹àÅ硹éÍ ˹éÒ 389 àÊ鹷ҧöä¿ÊÒÂáá¡ÇèÒ¨Ðà»Ô´ãªé§Ò¹¡çà»ç¹»Õ ¤.È. 1876 áÅéÇ The first railroad in China opened only in 1876 àÊ鹷ҧöä¿ÊÒÂáá㹨չ¡ÇèÒ¨Ðà»Ô´ãªé§Ò¹¡çà»ç¹»Õ ¤.È. 1876 áÅéÇ Ë¹éÒ 417 ã¹ËÁÙ誹ªÑ鹹ӻѨ¨ØºÑ¹¹Õé ¡ÒÃÂ×¹Âѹ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁ´Õ§ÒÁ·ÕèÍÂÙèµÃ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒÁã¹ËÁØ褹·ÕèᵡµèÒ§ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ¹Ñé¹ á·º¨Ðá¾éËÁͺÃÒº¤Òºá¡éÇãËé¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁàÊÁÍä» á·¹·Õè¨Ðá¾éãËé¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§à¼èҾѹ¸Øì·Ò§ªÕÇÇÔ·ÂÒ Among today’s elites, assertions about the contrasting merits of diverse human groups are almost always couched in terms of historical differences between cultures rather than biological differences between races. ã¹ËÁÙ誹ªÑ鹹ӻѨ¨ØºÑ¹¹Õé ¡ÒÃÂ×¹Âѹ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁ´Õ§ÒÁ·ÕèᵡµèÒ§ã¹ËÁÙ褹·ÕèËÅÒ¡ËÅÒ¹Ñé¹ ÁÑ¡¡ÅèÒÇÍéÒ§¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§·Ò§´éÒ¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÃÐËÇèÒ§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁà¡×ͺµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§à¼èҾѹ¸Øì·Ò§ªÕÇÇÔ·ÂÒ Ë¹éÒ 438 »ÃÐà´ç¹ááÊØ´¹Ñé¹ÂѧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÂØè§ÂÒ¡à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒèèÒÂÂ×Áà§Ô¹àµçÁ¨Ó¹Ç¹áÅÐÀÒÂã¹àÇÅÒÍÂÙè ¨Ð·ÓÍÂèÒ§äÃãËé¡ÒÃÂ×´¢ÂÒÂà¤Ã´ÔµÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕ觡Ѻ¼ÙéÍÍ¡à§Ô¹ãËéÂ×ÁŴŧ Firstly, they were sticklers about repaying their loans on time and in full, making the extension of credit less risky for lenders. »ÃÐà´ç¹ááÊØ´¹Ñ鹾ǡà¢Òà»ç¹¼Ùéà¢éÁ§Ç´ã¹¡ÒèèÒ¤׹à§Ô¹·ÕèÂ×ÁÁÒàµçÁ¨Ó¹Ç¹áÅÐÀÒÂã¹àÇÅÒ ·ÓãËé¡ÒâÂÒÂà¤Ã´Ôµ¢Í§¼ØéÍÍ¡à§Ô¹ãËéÂ×ÁÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§Ŵŧ ˹éÒ 442 àÁ×èÍã¡Åé¶Ö§ÊÔ鹤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè17 ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃÊÙéúº¹¾×é¹·ÇÕ»áÅФèÒãªé¨èÒ·ÕèµéͧãªéµèÒ§¶Ö§¨Ø´ÍÔèÁµÑÇ As the seventeenth century wound to an end, complacency and costly continental wars àÁ×èÍã¡Åé¶Ö§ÊÔ鹤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè17 ¤ÇÒÁªÐÅèÒ㨠áÅСÒÃÊÙéúº¹¾×é¹·ÇÕ»·Õè¤èÒãªé¨èÒÂÊÙ§ ˹éÒ 444 ¡ÃйÑ鹾ǡª¹ªÑ鹡ÃЮØÁ¾Õ¡çÂѧ»ÃЪÒÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìâÍ¡ÒÊ·Õè¨ÐÁÑ觤Ñè§ÍÂèÒ§àËÅ×Íàª×èÍ yet the Mississippi Company spread tales of fabulous riches and boundless opportunities. ¡ÃйÑ鹺ÃÔÉÑ·ÁÔÊ«ÔÊ«Ô»»Õ¡çÂѧ»ÃЪÒÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìâÍ¡ÒÊ·Õè¨ÐÁÑ觤Ñè§ÍÂèÒ§àËÅ×Íàª×èÍ Ë¹éÒ 454 àÃ×èͧ¹Õé¡çäÁèµèÒ§ÍÐäáѺáÁŧÇѹ·Õ赡ŧã¹ÂҼպ͡ÂÕèËéͷع¹ÔÂÁµÅÒ´àÊÃÕ This is the fly in the ointment of free-market capitalism ·Ø¹¹ÔÂÁµÅÒ´àÊÃÕ¹ÕéÁÕ¢éÍàÊÕ·Õèáͺ«è͹ÍÂÙè ˹éÒ 492 àÃ×èͧ¹ÕéµÃǨÊͺä´é´Õ·ÕèÊØ´â´ÂÍÒÈÑÂÍÓ¹Ò¨·Ò§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁÍѹ¹èÒà¡Ã§¢ÒÁ Nothing testifies better to the awesome power of culture. äÁèÁÕ¢é;ÔÊÙ¨¹ìÍ×è¹ã´¨Ð´Õ仡ÇèÒÍÓ¹Ò¨·Ò§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁÍѹ¹èÒà¡Ã§¢ÒÁ ˹éÒ 494 ÇÑÂÃØè¹ÁÕ¢éÍÍéÒ§ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹àÃ×èÍÂæ·Õè¨ÐµéͧäÁèàª×èͿѧ¤¹á¡è¡ÇèÒ ¢³Ð·Õè¾Ç¡¾èÍáÁè¡çâ·ÉÊÔ觵èÒ§æÇèÒ·ÓãËéà´ç¡æ·ÓµÑÇẺ¼Ô´æ áÁèáÅоè᷺֧ͨäÁèµèÒ§ÍÐäáѺ¨ÓàÅ·Õèà¾Ôè§ÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡Ëéͧ¾Ô¾Ò¡ÉÒ·Ò§¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒẺ¿ÃÍ´ì·Õèµéͧ¤´ÕÇèÒ·ÓµÑÇ༴稡ÒÃẺʵÒÅÔ¹ Youngsters are increasingly excused from obeying their elders, whereas parents are blamed for anything that goes wrong in the life of their child. Mum and Dad are about as likely to get off in the Freudian courtroom as were defendants in a Stalinist show trial. 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