1. The differences between the Council of Europe, the European Union, the European Commission and the European Parliament.
2. The UK is a member of the Council of Europe and the European Union.
3. The EU aims to become a single market and it is administered by a Council of Ministers of governments of member states.
4. Subject to some restrictions, EU citizens may travel to and work in any EU country.
5. The roles of the UN and the commonwealth. .............................................................................................. สรุป..
The UK in europe and the world
The Commonwealth
The Commonwealth is an association of countries, most of which were once part of the British Empire, though a few countries that were not in the Empire have also joined it
Commonwealth members
Antigua and Barbuda..........India...........................St Kitts and Nevis Australia.............................Jamaica.......................St Lucia The Bahamas......................Kenya..........................St Vincent and the Grenadines Bangladesh.........................Kiribati........................Samoa Barbados.............................Lesotho......................Seychelles Belize...................................Malawi.........................Sierra Leone Botswana............................Malaysia......................Singapore Brunei Darussalam............Maldives......................Solomon Islands Cameroon...........................Malta............................South Africa Canada...............................Mauritius .....................Sri Lanka Cyprus...............................Mozambique.................Swaziland Dominica...........................Namibia.........................Tonga Fiji Islands........................Nauru*............................Trinidad and Tobago The Gambia......................New Zealand.................Tuvalu Ghana...............................Nigeria............................Uganda Grenada...........................Pakistan..........................United Kingdom Guyana............................Papua New Guinea........United Republic of Tanzania Vanuatu................................Zambia.......................*Nauru is a Special Member ...............................................................................................
1. The Queen is the head of the Commonwealth, which currently has 53 member states.
2. Membership is voluntary and the Commonwealth has no power over its members although it can suspend membership.
3. The Commonwealth aims to promote democracy, good government and to eradicate poverty.
................................................................................................. The European Union (EU) :
1. The European Union (EU), was set up by six Western European countries who signed the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957.
2. One of the main reasons for doing this was the belief that co-operation between states would reduce the likelihood of another war in Europe.
3. Originally the UK decided not to join this group and only became part of the European Union in 1973.
4. In 2004 ten new member countries joined the EU, with a further two in 2006 making a total of 27 member countries.
5. One of the main aims of the EU today is for member states to function as a single market.
6. Most of the countries of the EU have a shared currency, the euro, but the UK has decided to retain its own currency unless the British people choose to accept the euro in a referendum.
7. Citizens of an EU member state have the right to travel to and work in any EU country if they have a valid passport or identity card.
8. This right can be restricted on the grounds of public health, public order and public security.
9. The right to work is also sometimes restricted for citizens of countries that have joined the EU recently.
9. The Council of the European Union (usually called the Council of Ministers) is effectively the governing body of the EU.
10. It is made up of government ministers from each country of the EU and, together with the European Parliament, is the legislative body of the EU.
11. The Council of Ministers passes EU law on the recommendations of the European Commission and the European Parliament and takes the most important decisions about how the EU is run.
11. The European Commission is based in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium.
12. It is the civil service of the EU and drafts proposals for new EU policies and laws and administers its funding programmes.
13. The European Parliament meets in Strasbourg, in north-eastern France, and in Brussels.
14. Each country elects members, called Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), every five years .
15. The European Parliament examines decisions made by the European Council and the European Commission, and it has the power to refuse agreement to European laws proposed by the Commission and to check on the spending of EU funds.
16. European Union law is legally binding in the UK and all the other member states .
17. European laws, called directives, regulations or framework decisions, have made a lot of difference to peoples rights in the UK, particularly at work.
18. For example, there are EU directives about the procedures for making workers redundant, and regulations that limit the number of hours people can be made to work.
1. The differences between the Council of Europe, the European Union, the European Commission and the European Parliament.?
................................................................................................. The Council of Europe :
1. The Council of Europe was created in 1949 and the UK was one of the founder members.
2. Most of the countries of Europe are members.
3. It has no power to make laws but draws up conventions and charters which focus on human rights, democracy, education, the environment, health and culture.
4. The most important of these is the European Convention on Human Rights; all member states are bound by this Convention and a member state which persistently refuses to obey the Convention may be expelled from the Council of Europe.
// ตอบคำถามท้ายบท ข้อที่ 1.
................................................................................................. The United Nations (UN) : สหประชาชาติ
1. The UK is a member of the United Nations (UN), an international organisation to which over 190 countries now belong.
2. The UN was set up after the Second World War and aims to prevent war and promote international peace and security.
3. There are 15 members on the UN Security Council, which recommends action by the UN when there are international crises and threats to peace.
4. The UK is one of the five permanent members. ( ยูเค เป็น 1 ใน 5 ประเทศ ที่เป็นหลักของ UN หรือเรียกว่า ( VETO )
5. Three very important agreements produced by the UN are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
6. Although none of these has the force of law, they are widely used in political debate and legal cases to reinforce the law and to assess the behaviour of countries.
**** กลับมาเขียนเพิ่มเติมค่ะ เพราะในบทที่ 6 / 5. Childcare and children at work ... มีข้อมูลในเว็ป และในหนังสือ Study Guide ที่ไม่ตรงกับ เล่มของโฮมออฟฟิช
ข้อมูลที่ถูกต้องค่ะ ( ตามหนังสือ เล่มของโฮมออฟฟิช ) Hours and time for children at work
1. In the UK there are strict laws to protect children from exploitation and to make sure that work does not get in the way of their education.
2. The earliest legal age for children to do paid work is 13, although not all local authorities allow this.
3. There are exceptions for some types of performance work ( including modelling)
4. when younger children may be allowed to work.
5. Any child under school living age ( 16 ) seeking to do paid work must apply for a licence from local authority.
6. Children taking part in some kinds of performances may have to obtain a medical certificate before working.
7. By law, children under 16 can only do light work. There are particular jobs that children are not allowed to do.
i.) these include delivering milk, selling alcohol, cigarettes or medicines, working in a kitchen or behind the counter of a chip shop, working with dangerous machinery or chemicals or doing any other kind of work .
ii.) that may be harmful to their health or education.
8. The law sets out clear limits for the working hours and times for 13-16 year-old children.
9. Every child must have at least two consecutive weeks a year during the school holidays when they do not work.
= They cannot work : for more than 4 hours without a one-hour rest break
= They cannot work : for more than 2 hours on any school day or a Sunday
= They cannot work : before 7.a.m. or after 7.p.m.
= They cannot work : for more than 1 hour before school starts
= They cannot work : for more than 12 hours in any school week.
= They cannot work : for more than 5 hours ( 13-14 year olds ) or 8 hours ( 15-16 year olds) 0n Saturdays ( 0r weekdays during school holidays)
= They cannot work : for more than 25 hours a week ( 13-14 year olds) 0r 35 hours a week ( 15-16 year olds) during school holidays.
There is no national minimum wage for those under 16.
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