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Health Impacts of Improper Waste Disposal and Water Pollution
Introduction
1.1 Population growth and waste problem
Approximately 3 million years ago that human was created, at that time our ancestors lived a precarious existence as hunters and gatherers. Their daily life were very difficult. Not only foods that they need to survive ,but also many resources to support the basic need of living. They made up the small group and develop the standard of life. Lately, the agriculture was introduced ,so community could support more people.
During that time world population expanded at the moderate rate. Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century was started. The standard of living was developed and lead to raise the world population rapidly until now. In 2000, we have nearly 6.1 billion human on the earth. The world population estimated to 9 billion in the next 50 years. Most of this large number of people live in Asia which are under developed countries. There have low quality of living standard. They also lack of chance to excess the basic social service such as public health service. These lead to many problems as poverty and health problems.
The increasing of world population and the expansion of social need some factors to support the development. Natural resources is one of the most importance factor that required to support the growth of social. The community consume more product which are made from natural resources. The lack of natural resources tend to make any conflicts between communities. However, the biggest problem is the waste from community. The bigger community produce more waste. Then the lack of technology to discard these waste is the biggest problem. These waste could come back and bring many serious effect to the environment.
How can we treated them properly we need to know the characteristic of them.
Classification of the waste
1. Solid waste
2. Liquid waste
3. Hazardous waste
4. Medical waste
1. Solid waste
Solid waste by definition are waste materials that contain less than 70 percent water. This class includes such materials as household garbage, some industrial waste, some mining waste, and oilfield waste such as drill cutting. These garbage are generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes with rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits.
2. Liquid waste
Liquid waste are usually waste waters that contain less that 1 percent solid. Such waste may contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is the class of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3-25 percent solid, while the rest of material is water dissolved materials.
3. Hazardous waste Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive. Hazardous waste cannot be safety returned to environment and need special treatment to discard them.
4. Medical waste
Medical waste is generated during the diagnosis treatment. It comprise of sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, culture discard medicines, chemical waste, etc. The forms of wastes such as syringes, swabs, bandage, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not manage in a scientific and discriminate manner.
1.2 Water pollution
1.2.1 Problem of water consumption
Not only the food but also the water that we need to survive. Nowaday, water resource is the big problem for human living. There are 70 percent of water on the earth which is equal to 2/3 of the earth surface. But, less than 1 percent of water supply on the earth can be used as drinking water. Our body consist of water, we drink water to function our organs and there are 66 percent of water on our body. When human does not absorb enough water they going to be dehydration and can be died immediately.
Water is essential for everything on our planet. Without water, life on the earth would be non-existent. However, human never mind to maintain the quality of water, we destroy our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Then our drinking water has become affected by all of us.
Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion peoples lack of safety drinking water. At least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to water borne disease. Thus, we need to concern more about human activity that can cause the harm to water resource be fore our spicy cannot survive on this planet.
1.2.2 Problem of water management
The different scale of development between developed countries and developing countries bring different problems of water resource management. Developed countries need water resource as their supply of industry. They need clean water for municipal also. However, both high technology and knowledge of management they can treat the waste water and bring it back to the industry. They have some problems of the toxic chemical from the industries or municipalities contaminated in the water. While developing countries which are the producer of agriculture and consume more water than industrialized countries lack of high technology and knowledge of management. They face with the problem of inadequate drinking water. The water quality is very poor in the developing countries due to the contamination of pesticide that they use in agriculture. They use both surface and under ground water without the sanitation process to treat the water before they consume it. This can cause many health effect and bring the shortage of water resource for using in the country.
2. The Impacts of Improper Waste Disposal and Water Pollution
2.1 Hazard of improper waste disposal
2.1.1 Health impact from improper waste disposal
The majority type of impact from improper waste disposal to human health can be considered as direct impact and indirect impact. Both two type of impacts are significant impact to human health. The effect from improper waste disposal can slowly change the surrounding and accumulated the toxicants into environment. When people living, working, or using the resource nearly the improper waste disposal. They have risk to get adverse health effect from the contaminants of waste disposal.
If people directly touch some toxic waste which are corrosive they will have serious hazard from that waste. However, the most hazard from improper waste disposal is the effect from infectious disease. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems.
Inparticular, organic domestic waste pose a serious threat, since they ferment, creating conditions favorable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
Exposure to the hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more vulnerable to these pollutants. Infacts, direct exposure can lead to disease through chemical exposure are the releasing of chemical waste into environment leads to chemical poisoning. Toxic waste such as heavy metal and organic toxic waste can cause adverse health effect to human.
Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks. Co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to chemical and radioactive hazard. These type of waste could contaminate in surface water and ground water and lead to water pollution which is the significant impact to human health.
Disposal of hospital and other medical waste required special attention since this create major health hazards. This waste generated from the hospitals, health care centers, medical laboratories, and research centers such as discard syringe needles, bandages, swabs, plaster, and other types of infectious waste are often disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.
The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effect on human health has become a matter of concern. Colored plastics are harmful as their pigment contains heavy metals that are highly toxic. Some of the harmful metals found in the plastics are copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, selenium, and cadmium.
2.1.2 Health effect from chemicals contaminated in improper waste disposal.
1. Mercury : The most serious effect from mercury poisoning are the neurotoxicity, and the toxicity to the kidney. Symptoms may be caused by both inorganic and organic compounds. The symptoms may be caused by both inorganic and organic compounds. The symptoms include vague, development of a sallow complexion, dyspepsia and headaches.
2. Cadmium : Itai-Itai disease is the well known toxicity of cadmium. Normally, cadmium have the effect to kidneys and lungs. However, the accumulation of cadmium can cause a painful type of osteomalacia in which multiple fractures and renal dysfunction.
3. Copper, Magnesium and Zinc : These group of metal produce dyspnoea, retrosternal and epigastric pain, and cough with expactoration.
4. Lead : Symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain, constipation and vomiting. There may be clinical sign of anaemia occurring as a late manifestration of disease. Anaemia is seen only in inorganic poisoning and occur late in the disease. Disturbances of haem synthesis can be detected almost as soon as exposure to lead has begun.
Not only the anaemia lead can also make the retardant of brain in baby which lead to make I.Q. reduction. The learning ability of children may decrease if they ingest high level of lead contaminants.
5. Arsenic : Those who ingest arsenic contaminants may have skin cancer. Peripheral neuropathy appears in some cases and is usually accompanied by pain, burning and tenderness, and difficulty in walking. There are gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain occurred by the toxicity of arsenic.
2.1.3 Occupational hazard from improper waste disposal
The garbage keeper and the rag pickers are the people who get risk from the hazard of improper waste disposal. In many countries of asia and Africa there are many people who are lack of opportunities and living at the bottom of social status. These group of people have no choices to work. So, They works as the rag pickers.
Everyday they go to the garbage bins to pick out the rags. These rag pickers who are women, children, and men from the lowest rung in the society. They are in danger from the hazardous waste in the dump site. They not only go to the garbage bins, but also go to the waste disposal. They looking for the waste that could be useful to them. When they handling the waste. They are at risk to get many health problems. While the rag pickers pickling through waste, They put themselves at a great risk and always prone to disease as the waste that they rummages through can be infected.
2.2 Water pollution
Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the additon of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is consider polluted.
There are two type of polluted water ; point source and non point source. Point source of pollution can be produce when harmful substance are directly emitted into water. A non point source occurs when pollutants indirectly go to the body of water. They need some media to move pollutants to the water as porosity in soil or air. When the pollutants contaminated with water it can change water become polluted water.
2.2.1 Cause of pollution
The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal industrial and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishment. The causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae.
2.2.2 Ground water contaminated by household waste and solid waste.
Nearly ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. It contained in natural rock formation which is called aquifers. Over a half of world population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. More than eighty percent of community water is dependent on ground water. However, there are some problems of the quality of ground water due to ground water contamination. Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills.
Many of hazardous materials from household waste and solid waste such as organic waste ( kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves and fruits ), toxic waste
(old medicine, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizers and pesticide containers, batteries and shoe polish) could contaminate with ground water if the management of the disposal or landfill is very poor.
Landfill is one of the problems of improper waste disposal. All types of waste is dumped in landfills and when water seeps through them. Some chemical and heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury can contaminated and in turn pollutes the surrounding area. They can pass through the porosity of soil and make ground water become polluted. This contamination of groundwater and soil through landfills is known as leaching.
Sometime the risk of health effect from contaminated ground water or surface water occurred by the result of bioaccumulation process which is the important process by which chemicals can affect living organisms is through bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical over time in a biological organism compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. One factor important in uptake and storage is water solubility which is the ability of a chemical to dissolve in water. Usually, compounds that are highly water soluble have a low potential to bioaccumulate and do not readily enter the cells of an organism. Once inside the organism, they are easily removed unless the cells have a specific mechanism for retaining them. Heavy metals like mercury and certain other water-soluble chemicals are the exceptions, because they bind tightly to specific sites within the body. Bioaccumulation is a normal process that can result in injury to an organism only when the equilibrium between exposure and bioaccumulation is overwhelmed.
2.3 Water pollution and effect to human health
Every body need clean water to survive. However, The adequacy of clean water provide for those who live in the developed countries. So, water quality is closely linked to water use and to state of economic development. The developed countries in Europe and North America built sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past. Nevertheless, the rapid growth of population in Asia, Latin America has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. The developing countries are face with the water borne disease such as cholera and others disease, while they have been eliminated in the developed world.
Water quality has been impacted worldwide by industrial and agriculture chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human agricultural waste and nitrification of ground water from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Air pollution can cause acid rain and lead to acidification of surface waters. Then, the aquatic life are in danger due to the developments of human activity. In developed countries, these general type of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, newly industrialized countries are now facing all these issues simultaneously.
Health effect from water pollution
The disease which come from water pollution is the big problem to human health. There are many disease which are effect to human health after consume the polluted water. WHO continues to track the evolving infectious disease situation, sound the alarm when needed, share expertise, and mount the kind of response needed to protect populations from the consequences of epidemics, whatever and wherever might be their origin.
Water disease
1. Water-borne disease
2. Water-washed disease
3. Water-based disease
4. Water-related disease
1.Water-borne disease
There are some disease caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal feces or urine which are contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses. The disease are cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal diseases.
2.Water-washed disease
There are some disease caused by skin or eye contact of poor personal hygine with contaminated water which are contain the infectious. The disease are scabies, Tracoma and flea, lice and tick-borne disease.
3.Water-based disease
Some parasite that live in the contaminated water can caused disease such as dracunculiasis, schistomiasis, and other helminthes.
4.Water-related disease
Some kind of insects such as mosquitoes live in contaminated water before they become to be adult. These can cause disease when they grow up and transform to be adult. The diseases such as dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis and yellow fever.
The diseases are strongly related to poor sanitation conditions, poor personal and domestic hygiene practices, and unsafe drinking water.
These are some disease which are related to contaminated water.
CHOLERA, TYPHOID AND DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
All of the diseases above is the communicable disease and cause the acute effect to human health until the death if not treated in the right way. Diarrhoeal disease are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in emergency situations, mainly because of inadequate water supply in term of quality and quantity, insufficient, poorly maintained sanitation facilities and overcrowding. In camp situations, diarrhoeal disease have accounted for more than 40% of deaths in the acute phase of emergency. Cholera is and acute bacterial enteric disease caused by Gram-negative bacillus Vibrio cholerae. Infection results from ingestion of organisms in food and water, or directly from person to person by the faecal-oral route. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, a Gram-negative bacterium. Typhoid fever remain a global health problem which difficult to estimate due to the lack of laboratory resource in most area of developing countries. Human are only natural host and reservoir. The infection is transmitted by ingesting of faecally contaminated food or water. The highest incidence occurs where water supplies serving a large population are faecally contaminated.
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute inflammatory disease caused by a flavivirus, involving the brain, spinal cord and meninges. Less than 1% of human infections are clinically apparent, but the case fatality rate among persons with clinical disease is 25-50%. The disease occurs in eastern, south-eastern and southern Asia which can cause effect both in infants and elderly people. The disease is especially associated with rice-growing areas and transmitted by infected mosquito of species commonly found in rice fields.
MALARIA
Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The disease is transmitted from person to person by Anopheles mosquitoes, which mainly bite between dusk and dawn. In the blood, parasites develop asexual (trophozoite) and sexual (gametocyte) forms, which are responsible for clinical attacks and disease transmission, respectively. Malaria parasite can also be transmitted by transfusion of blood from an infected to a healthy person and occasionally from mother to fetus.
DENGUE
Dengue is an acute febrile viral illness characterized by sudden onset of a fever that last for 3-5 days. Dengue viruses belong to the family Flaviviridae and include serotypes 1,2, 3 and 4. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected mosquito (Aedes aegypti) which is a daytime-biting species with increased biting 2 hours after sunrise and several hours before sunset. Epidermis are explosive and may effect a high percentage of population.
SCABIES
Scabies is an infestation of the skin with the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabei. Infestation is common, found worldwide, and affects people of all races and social classes. Scabies spreads rapidly under crowded conditions where there is frequent skin-to-skin contact between people, such as in hospitals, institutions, child-care facilities, and nursing homes.The symptoms of scabies are pimple-like irritations, burrows or rash of the skin, especially the webbing between the fingers; the skin folds on the wrist, elbow, or knee; the penis, the breast, or shoulder blades. Intense itching, especially at night and over most of the body. Sores on the body caused by scratching. These sores can sometimes become infected with bacteria.
TRACHOMA
Trachoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and the leading cause of preventable blindness. It is endemic in Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Australia and parts of Southeast Asia. Ocular serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis cause recurrent conjunctivitis in children. In older persons the disease progresses through a cascade of conjunctival scarring, inturned eyelids, trichiasis, and eventually, corneal ulcers and blindness.
SCHISTOMIASIS
Bilharzia (Schistomiasis) is present in the tropics and sub tropics. It is a worm infection the fully matured worms live in the bladder or intestines where they produce a large number of eggs. The eggs get passed out of the body in urine or stools and on contact with fresh water larvae hatch from the eggs. The larve then infect certain variates of snails where they develop and produce more larvae which are then released back into the water these larvae then penetrated the human skin. Although it is not a killer disease it effects the general health. The most harmful effects are bleeding and ulceration of the intestine and bladder. Long term effects include liver damage, kidney failure and cancer of the bladder.
Health effect from chemicals contamination in water.
There are many symptoms caused by chemical contamination in water which are related to hazardous materials contaminated in water.
1. Fluorosis
Fluorosis is the symptom caused by ingestion high concentration of fluoride ion contaminated in drinking water. The limitation of fluoride in drinking water is less than 1 mg/L. If one intake higher than this it can cause skeleton changes. Skeleton changes accompanying fluorosis include the coarsening of the spongy trabeculae periosteal new bone deposition with the formation of osteophytes, and ossification of ligaments and tendons. Bone which is seurely affected is chalkywhite and easily cut with knife.
Thooth motting is a very sensitive index of chronic fluorine poisoning. The teeth show chalky-white streaks and blotches and are dotted with irregular defects in the enamel which is discolored a light brown or black.
2. Nitrates contamination in drinking water
Nitrates, which is used as fertilizers, can cause serious effect if the concentration in water is higher than 50 mg/L. Nitrite can combine with hemoglobin in blood system and produce methaemoglobin. Methaemoglobin cannot fix with oxygen and transport it to the cells. This sysmptom called methaemoglobinemia. Cytochrome b5 can change methaemoglobin to normal haemoglobin but this enzyme is very low in infants. So, when infants ingest the nitrates contaminated in drinking water they do not have enough oxygen and become bluness around their mouth, hand and feet which called blue baby syndrome.
3. Lead contamination in drinking water
Like the effect of lead from waste disposal. The inhibition of haem synthesis is one factor in the production of lead anaemia, but lead also produces direct effect on the red blood cell. The permeability of the membrane is altered in such a way as to allow an increased potassium loss from the cell and the life span of the red blood cell is slightly shortened.
The health effect of others metals contaminated in drinking water are similarly to the health effect from metal pollutants in waste disposal. So, there could be make the relationship between health effect of metals contamination in water to the health effect from metals in the waste disposal.
Health effect from pesticide contaminated in water.
All of the pesticide are common neurotoxicants. They acting on the peripheral and/or central nervous systems with the different mechanism. They can accumulate in the food chain from plants to animals. When human ingest these compound. They can inhibit the enzymes required for iron transportation, blockingGABA involved in chloride ion transportation, inhibit nervous tissues and enzyme acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), and/or binding to GABA insensitive chloride channel proteins. All of these effect could interfere or destroy the function of nervous system.
2.4 Waste and water treatment
2.4.1 Waste management
Waste management is the procedure to maintain the proper waste disposal and reduction of health effect from waste. There are 6 steps to discard the waste.
1. Waste elimination or reduction at the source
2. Waste separation and concentration
3. Waste exchange
4. Energy and material recovery
5. Incineration or treatment
6. Secure land disposal
1. Waste Elimination or Reduction
The best way of managing hazardous waste is to actually eliminate or minimize its production. The first step is tounderstand the hazards of the materials used. In a certain sense, waste minimizationpays particular attention to reducing the environmental.
2.Waste separation and concentration
If one cannot reduce the actual amount of hazardous waste being produced, the next step is to keep hazardous waste from "contaminating" regular garbage. In this way, these different waste streams remain separated.
3. Waste Exchange and Recycling
One of the most exciting methods of waste management is exchange and recycling of products. Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials processing these materials and making them into new products. It reduces the amount of waste that is thrown into the community dustbins thereby making the environment cleaner and the air more fresh to breathe.
The steps involved in the process prior to recycling include
a) Collection of waste from doorsteps, commercial places, etc.
b) Collection of waste from community dumps.
c) Collection/picking up of waste from final disposal sites.
4. Energy and Material Recovery
Sometimes a waste cannot be put to good use in the form that it is generated, and must be treated to access beneficial qualities. Reclamation involves pick-up and handling of hazardous wastes by licensed companies.
5. Incineration or treatment
It is sometimes impossible to re-use a material, and in this case it must be either destroyed by a process such as
incineration, or treated in some manner to convert it into a less toxic material can be re-used in the environment.
There are three types of treatment options that are available.
1. Volume reduction refers to water removal, or concentration of chemicals that really doesn't result in a more acceptable waste.
2. Detoxification can involve several processes. Spraying materials removes volatile toxins from aqueous waste. Sometimes, toxic metals can be converted to highly insoluble and thus less biologically accessible compounds.
3..Solidification involves converting waste into a solid form, usually by incorporation into a matrix. The purpose of solidification is to trap the waste in order to control the rate at which ground or surface water that contacts the waste can dissolve the hazardous components.
6. Secure Land Disposal
The least favorable option, placed at the bottom of the waste management hierarchy is secure land disposal. There are two techniques of secure land disposal. The first is similar to the operation of a sanitary landfill facility, where waste is placed in contact with soil or buried under soil, to encourage biological degradation. A very high degree of ground and surface water isolation is required. Another approach to secure land disposal is perpetual storage.
An alternative to landfills which will solve the problem of leaching to some extent, is a sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a methodical manner. These are lined with materials that are impermeable such as plastics and clay, and are also built over impermeable soil. Constructing sanitary landfills is very costly and they are have their own problems. Some authorities claim that often the plastic liner develops cracks as it reacts with various chemical solvents present in the waste.
Secure land disposal and perpetual storage is placed last in the hierarchy of management options because of the many uncertainties regarding longterm success and safety, and maintenance complexities. Landfill design, transportation safeguards, labeling, surveillance, leachate management, disease control, barrier development and land use are just some of the safety concerns.
2.4.2 Water resource management
The problem of water resource management can be solved by the policy of management. It needed the reformation of both policy and strategy. Such process aimed at ensuring better protection against extreme events, and at meeting industrialization and urbanization demands, population growth and resultant increased agricultural production needs, and increasing water supply and sanitation needs. In recent decades, as the resource became scarcer, users more diverse and uneven, and environmental issues more acute, a more qualitative approach succeeded previously quantitative phases of utilization and development. Such reforms involve the decentralization of water management, integrated management at river basin level, setting-up new agents and institutions at local levels, and the development of alternative environmental, social, economic and policy frameworks and tools.
There are examples of the strategic plan for South African Agriculture,NDA,Nov. 2001 (source : //wrm2004.cirad.fr/ )
Sustainable water use and management at local level
1. Productive uses of water in rural areas, water and livelihoods;
2. Multiple use of water in rural areas, issues and conflict;
3. Economics of smallholder irrigation, productivity of irrigation water;
4. Irrigation Management Transfer, processes and issues;
5. From individual users to water management organizations, emerging collective action;
6. Local governance around water, the role of local municipalities, traditional authorities;
7. Developing the water resource locally: socio-economics of water harvesting
8. Communities water rights and water rights trading
Sustainable water resource management at regional level
9. Balancing objectives: water allocation strategies
10. Participation, negotiation, conflict
11. Water rights markets, intra/inter sectoral issues
12. Setting up catchment management agencies
13. Rural / urban interactions
14. Blue water vs. green water policies
15. Pro-poor water policies
2.4.3 Waste water treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, communities, and industrial process. Treatment of sewage is required before it can be safety buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.
Conclusion
To sum up,the problems related to health impacts of improper waste disposal and waste pollution have the significant effect to harm almost all of life on our planet.The government try to put laws to protect the quanlity of environment. However, not only the government who play the major roles to combat this problem but also all of the people who are the member of society should take responsibility to protect our resources.We must know the methods for disposing harmful household waste so they dont end up in sewage treatment plants that cant handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials.We must concern more for the adding of some toxic materials or contaminants which can cause health effect due to water pollution.
Living under the developing world we need to care too much about the quanlity of environment.The output from economic development may bring a lot of environmental problems which lead to health impact.The sharing of knowledge from developed world to developing world is needed to protect the quality of environment.Everybody must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion.
To reduce the risk of health impacts cause by improper waste disposal and water pollution we need to concern more for the use of natural resources and planning the good policy for the development.It is time to protect the environment and keep the clean world back to our next generation.
| Create Date : 09 กุมภาพันธ์ 2550 |
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